![]() (While there has been some recent criticism of this model of radicalization, leading the authors of the original paper to propose a two-pyramid model that separates radicalization of opinion from radicalization of action, it remains a valuable way to model radicalized groups.) One way of looking at the process is to think of any group or movement as a pyramid. Not everyone who is involved in a group is necessarily radicalized to the same degree in fact, even within a hate group, only a small number of people may be radicalized to the point where they are ready to advocate and commit violent acts. This term refers to the process by which people come to believe that violence against others and even oneself is justified in defense of their own group. The second possible impact of online hate is radicalization. As a result, members of vulnerable groups may be more reluctant to speak freely online or withdraw from online spaces entirely, which has an impact not just on them, but also on the online communities they’re a part of. ![]() A frequent form of targeted hate is “doxxing,” the act of publishing a target’s home address or other personal information as a way of encouraging others to harass them. Young people who experience online hate are more likely to experience anxiety and depression, and targets of online hate may suffer harassment and violence offline as well. Indeed, a significant amount of cyberbullying is motivated by hate: for example, lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transgender (LGBT) youth are almost twice as likely to report having been bullied online as those who are straight, while young women are twice as likely to have been sexually harassed online as young men. The first of these is the most clear, though – as with cyberbullying – the harm done may not be visible to perpetrators.
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